Public Policy Objectives and Urban Transit
Transit is closely associated with public-sector involvement, including capital costs and significant subsidies of operating costs.

Transit is closely associated with public-sector involvement, including capital costs and significant subsidies of operating costs. The rationale for this involvement is justified on several grounds, including the presence of economies of scale in provision of transit service and the presence of external benefits associated with transit.
In a recently published paper entitled: Public Policy Objectives and Urban Transit: Case of Passenger Ferries in the New York City Region, SDG's Pierre Vilain explores these themes in more detail.